Order from Disorder: Do We Need a New Law of Physics?
Scientists propose a new law of physics to explain how order arises in the universe.
1The Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy
The second law of thermodynamics states that disorder (entropy) in the universe constantly increases. For example, when a snowman melts, orderly ice crystals turn into disordered water. Similarly, when organic matter decays, its atoms disperse into soil, water, and air. This law is a fundamental principle that determines the direction of time.
2The Theory of Time’s Second Arrow
Robert Hazen and Michael Wong propose a new law of physics to explain how order emerges from simple beginnings in the universe. This theory, called the second arrow of time, aims to explain the increase of order in the universe. Examples include the formation of elements through nuclear fusion and the evolution of life.
3Measuring Order: Functional Information
Hazen and Wong use the concept of 'functional information' to measure order. This is calculated by comparing the number of existing forms to the number of theoretically possible configurations. For example, human language evolved from many possible sounds, and over time, specific sounds became dominant. Functional information plays a key role in measuring the increase of order.
4Conditions Necessary for the Formation of Order
The authors argue that three basic conditions are necessary for the formation of order: the potential for many possible configurations, the capacity to create new forms, and the ability to select between them. These conditions show that order in the universe is inevitable.
5Counterarguments and Debates
While the theory has gained some acceptance in scientific circles, there are also counterarguments. Particularly, aspects that contradict the second law of thermodynamics are a topic of debate. The authors admit they have not found satisfactory answers to all questions and emphasize the need for further research.
6Measuring Functional Information in Natural Systems
Measuring functional information in natural systems is highly complex. This raises questions about the applicability of the theory. Scientists may need to develop new methods to make these measurements.
7The Future and Impact of the Theory
Hazen and Wong’s theory is likely to be debated in the scientific community for a long time. If accepted, it could provide a new framework for understanding how order arises in the universe. This could have implications in many disciplines, including physics, biology, and chemistry.
8Conclusion and Significance
The theory of Time’s Second Arrow could be an important step in explaining the increase of order in the universe. However, more evidence and research are needed for the theory to gain acceptance. This theory could profoundly influence scientific thought and lead to new discoveries.
Original article: Nature — Doğada Düzeni Açıklayan Yeni Bir Fizik Yasası Gerekli mi?