# Rusty Crust Mechanism Explains Ancient Mars Warming Underground hydrogen production from iron oxidation may have sustained a warm, wet Martian climate. - **Source:** [New Scientist](https://www.newscientist.com/) - **Published:** 2026-10-30 - **Topic:** [Business](https://brifing.si/c/business) - **Original article:** - **On Brifing:** https://brifing.si/s/a163cc8b-d441-49b1-92c7-1a056127eaab ## The Atmospheric Warming Puzzle Scientists have long struggled to identify the atmospheric composition required to keep ancient Mars warm enough for liquid water. While carbon dioxide is a known greenhouse gas, it alone lacks sufficient warming potential. A new proposal suggests that hydrogen, generated through underground geochemical reactions, acted as the missing catalyst for planetary heating. ## Hydrogen and Greenhouse Dynamics Hydrogen is not a greenhouse gas by itself, but it interacts with carbon dioxide to trap heat. Collisions between hydrogen and carbon dioxide molecules deform both, allowing them to absorb infrared radiation that carbon dioxide usually misses. This interaction significantly enhances the greenhouse effect, potentially raising global temperatures above the freezing point. ## The Role of Crustal Thickness Cin-Ty Lee of Rice University proposes that the thick crust beneath the Martian southern highlands, reaching depths of 80 kilometers, acted as a massive heat generator. This crust contains radioactive elements like uranium, thorium, and potassium. As these elements decay, they produce heat, which melts ice in the upper crustal layers. ## Hydrothermal Circulation Mechanism Once aquifers formed, water began circulating through porous, iron-rich basalt layers in the crust. This hydrothermal circulation caused the iron to rust, a chemical reaction that liberated hydrogen molecules. These molecules then migrated into the atmosphere, providing a steady supply of the gas needed to sustain a warmer, more temperate Martian climate. ## Evidence from Geological Calculations Calculations published by Lee in 2024 demonstrate that a sufficiently thick crust would inevitably lead to the melting of upper-layer ice. By presenting these findings at the Geological Society of America conference in Denver, Lee argued that this process is a natural consequence of crustal thickness rather than an improbable, isolated geological event. ## The Decline of the Pump The hydrothermal system eventually ceased functioning, transforming Mars into the cold desert observed today. The system failed because it exhausted its water supply, which was essentially a one-way ticket, and because the heat generated by radioactive decay diminished over time. Without this internal power source, the planetary warming mechanism could no longer be sustained. ## Scientific Skepticism and Validation Ramses Ramirez of the University of Central Florida remains skeptical, noting that similar hypotheses regarding water-rock interactions were proposed over a decade ago. He awaits a full paper to determine if the model can explain Mars's history without requiring extremely favorable conditions. Lee maintains the theory is testable by examining deep crustal oxidation. ## Implications for Martian Redness This theory offers a secondary explanation for the iconic red color of Mars. The oxidation process that produced hydrogen would have rusted vast amounts of rock. Subsequent wind erosion would distribute this oxidized dust across the surface, coating the planet in the iron-rich, reddish material that characterizes the Martian landscape seen by landers. ## Sources covering this story - https://www.newscientist.com/article/2596726-rusty-crust-made-mars-warm-and-wet/?utm_campaign=RSS|NSNS&utm_content=home&utm_medium=RSS&utm_source=NSNS — --- _Summary written by Brifing from the original reporting. Copyright in the original article belongs to its publisher; read the full piece at the link above._